2014年考研英语阅读理解及解析:社会科学

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2014年考研英语阅读理解及解析:社会科学
  Why do so many Americans distrust what they read in their newspapers? The American Society of Newspaper Editors is trying to answer this painful question. The organization is deep into a long selfanalysis known as the journalism credibility project.

  Sad to say, this project has turned out to be mostly lowlevel findings about factual errors and spelling and grammar mistakes, combined with lots of headscratching puzzlement about what in the world those readers really want.

  But the sources of distrust go way deeper. Most journalists learn to see the world through a set of standard templates (patterns)into which they plug each day’s events. In other words, there is a conventional story line in the newsroom culture that provides a backbone and a readymade narrative structure for otherwise confusing news.

  There exists a social and cultural disconnect between journalists and their readers, which helps explain why the “standard templates” of the newsroom seem alien to many readers. In a recent survey, questionnaires were sent to reporters in five middlesize cities around the country, plus one large metropolitan area. Then residents in these communities were phoned at random and asked the same questions.

  Replies show that compared with other Americans, journalists are more likely to live in upscale neighborhoods, have maids, own Mercedeses, and trade stocks, and they’re less likely to go to church, do volunteer work, or put down roots in a community.

  Reporters tend to be part of a broadly defined social and cultural elite, so their work tends to reflect the conventional values of this elite. The astonishing distrust of the news media isn’t rooted in inaccuracy or poor reportorial skills but in the daily clash of world views between reporters and their readers.

  This is an explosive situation for any industry, particularly a declining one. Here is a troubled business that keeps hiring employees whose attitudes vastly annoy the customers. Then it sponsors lots of symposiums and a credibility project dedicated to wondering why customers are annoyed and fleeing in large numbers. But it never seems to get around to noticing the cultural and class biases that so many former buyers are complaining about. If it did, it would open up its diversity program, now focused narrowly on race and gender, and look for reporters who differ broadly by outlook, values, education, and class.

  59.What is the passage mainly about?

  [A]needs of the readers all over the world

  [B]causes of the public disappointment about newspapers

  [C]origins of the declining newspaper industry

  [D]aims of a journalism credibility project

  60.The results of the journalism credibility project turned out to be .

  [A]quite trustworthy

  [B]somewhat contradictory

  [C]very illuminating

  [D]rather superficial

  61.The basic problem of journalists as pointed out by the writer lies in their .

  [A]working attitude

  [B]conventional lifestyle

  [C]world outlook

  [D]educational background

  62.Despite its efforts, the newspaper industry still cannot satisfy the readers owing to its .

  [A]failure to realize its real problem

  [B]tendency to hire annoying reporters

  [C]likeliness to do inaccurate reporting

  [D]prejudice in matters of race and gender

  核心词汇:

  astonish [E5stCniF]vt.使惊讶,使吃惊

  backbone[5bAkbEun]n.脊椎, 中枢, 骨干, 支柱, 意志力, 勇气, 毅力, 决心,主干(back+bone)

  bias[5baiEs]n./v.(使有)偏见,偏心,偏袒(bi 二+as 名词后缀→有两种观点→偏见

  contradictory[7kCntrE5diktEri]a.矛盾的,对立的(contradict反驳+ory形容词后缀)

  conventional[kEn5venFEnEl]a.惯例的,常规的(convention+al)newsroom(编辑室;阅览室)←news+room。

  credibility[9kredi5biliti]n.可信性(cred+ibility),cred词根“相信”(如credit→cred+it→信用),ibility名词后缀“可……性”(如ability←a+(i)bility)

  dedicate[5dedikeit]vt.奉献;献身于(de加强+dic说+ate动词后缀→反复说→致力于)

  elite[ei5li:t]n.[集合名词]精华;精锐;中坚分子(e出+lit=lig选+e 名词后缀→选出的人→精英人物)

  factual[5fAktFEl]a.事实的, 实际的

  gender[5dVendE]n.(生理上的)性;(名词、代词等的)性(gen+der名词后缀)

  illuminating[i5lju:mi9neitiN]a.照明的;启发的(illuminat(e)+ing形容词后缀),illuminate(照明;启发)可看作illumin+ate,illumin谐音“一路明”,ate动词后缀,“使”“一路明”→照明→引申为“启发”。

  metropolitan[metrE5pClitEn]a.首都的,主要都市的,大城市

  plug[plQg]n.塞子,插头v.堵,塞,插上,插栓

  questionnaire[kwestFE5nZE]n.调查表,问卷(question+aire)

  scratch[skrAtF]v.抓,搔,扒n.抓,搔,抓痕;起跑线

  sponsor[5spCnsE]n.发起人,主办,保证人v.发起,主办(spons许诺+or名词后缀→发起人;主办方;保证人)

  superficial[sju:pE5fiFEl]a.表面的;肤浅的,浅薄的(super在……上面+fic +ial形容词后缀→在表面→肤浅的)

  survey[sE:5vei]v./n.俯瞰,眺望;全面审视,调查;测量图,勘定

  symposium[sim5pEuzjEm]n.讨论会; 专题论文,专题论文集(sym共同,相同+pos放+ium→放在一起讨论→专题讨论)

  template[5templit]n.模板(templ(e)+ate),temple寺庙,ate吃,当今倾向于素食者日益增多,而temple是ate素的“模板”(template)。

  volunteer[9vClEn5tiE]n./v.自愿(者,兵);自愿(提供)(volunt+eer人→意愿的人→志愿者)   难句分析:

  难句1 Sad to say, this project has turned out to be mostly lowlevel findings about factual errors and spelling and grammar mistakes, combined with lots of headscratching puzzlement about what in the world those readers really want.

  [分析]此句主语是this project,谓语是has turned out to be,findings为宾语,mostly lowlevel是宾语的定语修饰成分,about factual errors and spelling and grammar mistakes是宾语的补语成分。combined with lots of headscratching puzzlement about what in the world those readers really want是过去分词引导的伴随状语,其中about what in the world those readers really want是puzzlement的补语。

  [译文]遗憾的是,这次新闻机构可信度调查计划结果只获得了一些肤浅的发现,诸如新闻报道中的事实错误,拼写或语法错误,和这些低层次发现交织在一起的还有许多令人挠头的困惑,譬如读者到底想读些什么。

  难句2 There exists a social and cultural disconnect between journalists and their readers, which helps explain why the “standard templates” of the newsroom seem alien to many readers.

  [分析]此句的结构主句是一个there加系动词的用法。而表语后都有一个定语从句。本句的定语从句是which helps explain why the “standard templates” of the newsroom seem alien to many readers。

  [译文]新闻记者和读者之间存在着社会和文化方面的脱节,这就是为什么新闻编辑室的“标准模式”与众多读者的意趣相差甚远的原因。

  难句3 The astonishing distrust of the news media isn’t rooted in inaccuracy or poor reportorial skills but in the daily clash of world views between reporters and their readers.

  [分析]此句的主干是一个not... but结构。注意这个结构引导的是两个方式状语。其核心词分别是inaccuracy和the daily clash。

  [译文]读者对新闻媒介令人震惊的不信任的根源并非是报道失实或低下的报道技巧,而是记者与读者的世界观的日常冲突。

  难句4 If it did, it would open up its diversity program, now focused narrowly on race and gender, and look for reporters who differ broadly by outlook, values, education, and class.

  [分析]此句中it代表上文提到的a troubled business,即“问题重重的新闻界”。now focused narrowly on race and gender是插入语,也是修饰program的定语。本句在would后面有两个并列宾语open up和look for。此句中含有一个虚拟语气:If it did, it would open up...。

  [译文]如果它能注意这个问题的话,它就应该进一步开放其多样化栏目(该栏目目前只关注种族和性别两个方面),雇佣一些世界观、价值观、教育水平和社会阶层各不相同的各种记者。

  文章类型:社会科学——传播学——大众传媒

  本扩展文章的主题有关美国新闻业的信任度。

  试题解析:

  59. 本文要探讨的是什么?

  [A] 世界各地读者的需求。[B] 公众对报纸失望的原因。

  [C] 新闻业衰败的根源。[D] 新闻可信性调查项目的目的。

  中心主旨题【正确答案】 [B]

  文章第一句就开宗明确地提出了本文旨在说明的问题,即为什么美国人不相信在报纸上读到的东西。很明显,该文的主旨就是论述公众对报纸不信任的原因。[B]项中的disappointment和原文中的distrust在这件事情上表达的情感是一致的,因此为正确选项。

  60. 新闻可信性调查项目的结果是。

  [A] 非常可信[B] 有点矛盾

  [C] 很有启发性[D] 十分肤浅

  细节事实题【正确答案】 [D]

  第二段中作者用Sad to say和mostly lowlevel findings来评价这次调查,可以判断该调查的结果是相当浮于表面的。所以选择[D]项。

  61. 正如作者所指出的,新闻记者的根本问题在于他们的。

  [A] 工作态度[B] 传统的生活方式

  [C] 世界观[D] 教育背景

  细节事实题【正确答案】[C]

  第六段末句最后直接点明,是记者与读者世界观的冲突引起了人们对报纸的不信任,因此[C]项符合题意。

  62. 尽管做出了努力,但新闻业人仍然不能满足读者的需求,因为它。

  [A] 没有认识到它的真正问题[B] 雇用令人恼怒的记者

  [C] 进行不准确报道的可能性[D] 在种族和性别问题上的歧视

  细节事实题【正确答案】[A]

  定位最后一段的最后两句话,根据But it never seems...(新闻业从未……)和If it did,...(如果它做到了……)就可以看出,新闻业并未认识到它真正的问题之所在,也未采取过任何手段,因此选择[A]项。

  全文翻译:

  为什么那么多美国人不相信自己在报纸上看到的东西?美国新闻编辑协会正试图回答这个痛苦的问题。该组织正深深陷入一个长期的自我剖析过程,即新闻可信度调查项目。

  第一段:提出问题,为什么那么多的美国人不相信自己在报纸上看到的东西?

  遗憾的是,这次新闻机构可信度调查计划结果只获得了一些肤浅的发现,诸如新闻报道中的事实错误,拼写或语法错误,和这些低层次发现交织在一起的还有许多令人挠头的困惑,譬如读者到底想读些什么。

  第二段:对美国新闻协会有关此问题所做的调查的评价。

  但这种对媒体的不信任有更深刻的根源。多数新闻记者都学着用一套标准的模式去看待世界,并把每天发生的事件纳入这种模式。换言之,在媒介机构的新闻编辑室中存在着一套约定俗成的报道模式,为在其他方面可能造成误解的新闻报道提供了一个主干框架和一个现成的故事叙述结构。

  新闻记者和读者之间存在着社会和文化方面的脱节,这就是为什么新闻编辑室的“标准模式”与众多读者的意趣相差甚远的原因。在最近一次调查中,问卷被送到了全国五座中等城市及一座大都市的记者手中,然后随机地给这些城市的居民打电话,问他们同样的问题。

  结果表明,与其他美国人相比,新闻记者更有可能居住在富人区,有女佣,有奔驰车,炒股,而他们不太可能去教堂,参加支援服务,扎根社区。

  记者们往往属于广义的社会文化精英的一个部分,因此他们的工作往往反映了这些精英传统的价值观。读者对新闻媒介令人震惊的不信任的根源并非是报道失实或低下的报道技巧,而是记者与读者的世界观的日常冲突。

  第三到第六段:进而指出:美国人不相信报纸,其原因远远深刻于新闻协会所做的调查,并分析不信任的真正原因。

  这种现象对于任何行业都是难堪的局面,特别是对于一个正在衰落的行业来说尤其如此。这是一个棘手的行业,却不断地雇用观点总体上使客户恼怒的雇员。然后它又出资组织研讨会和可信度调查项目,去探究为什么顾客们恼火了,为什么会有那么多人逃避报刊。但它似乎从来就没回过头来去注意那么多以前的顾客所抱怨的文化和阶级偏见。如果它能注意这个问题的话,它就应该进一步开放其多样化栏目(该栏目目前只关注种族和性别两个方面),雇佣一些世界观、价值观、教育水平和社会阶层各不相同的各种记者。

  第七段:提出解决问题的方案,即招聘世界观、价值观、教育水平和社会阶层各不相同的各种记者。

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