【1】Nurse ! I Want My Mummy

　　When a child is ill in hospital, a parent's first reaction is to be 1 them.

　　Most hospitals now allow parents to sleep 2with their child，providing a bed or sofa on the ward.

　　But until the 1970s this 3 was not only frowned upon —it was actively discouraged.

　　Staff worried that the children were upset when their parents 4 , and so there was a blanket ban.

　　A concerned nurse, Pamela Hawthorn, disagreed and her study "Nurse! want my mummy", published in 1974, 5 the face of paediatric nursing.

　　Professor Martin Johnson, professor of nursing at the University of Salford, said that the work of 6 like Pamela had changed the face of patient care.

　　"Pamela's study was done against the 7 of a lively debate in paediatrics and psychology as to the degree women should spend with children in the outside world and the degree to which they should be allowed to visit children in 8 .

　　"The idea was that if mum came to 9a small child in hospital the child would be upset and inconsolable for hours.

　　"Yet the nurse noticed that if mum did not come at10the child stayed in a relatively stable state but they might be depressed.

　　"Of course we know now that they had almost, given 11 hope that mum was ever coming back.

　　"To avoid a little bit of pain they said that no one should visit.

　　"But children were alone, and 12, so Hawthorn said parents should be allowed to visit.

　　Dr Peter Carter, chief executive and general secretary of the Royal College of Nursing, said her 13had been seminal.

　　"Her research put an end to the14 when parents handed their children over to strangers at the door of the hospital ward.Ｗww.KaＯ8.CC

　　"As a result of her work, parents and carers are now recognized as partners in care and are 15 the opportunity to stay with their children while they are in hospital, which has dramatically improved both parents' and children's experience of care. "

　　练习：

　　1. A for B with C upon D against

　　2. A occasionally B soundly C overnightD overtime

　　3. A practice B exercise C thought D request

　　4. A stayedB criedC appeared D left

　　5. A lost B changed C studied D made

　　6. A professors B doctors C nursesD parents

　　7. A backgroundB history C fact D reality

　　8. A schoolB hospital C family D world

　　9. A take B control C persuade D visit

　　10. A once B will C all D large

　　11. A up B off C down D away

　　12. A relaxed B pleased C depressed D stable

　　13. A workB dream C issue D doubt

　　14. A hours B days C weeks D months

　　15. A refused B created C lent D afforded

　　参考答案：　BCADB CABDC ACABD

【2】The Central Problem of Economics

　　The central problem of economics is to satisfy the people's and nation's wants.

　　The problem we are faced with is that our resources, here identified as money, are __1__. The only way we can resolve our problem is to make choices. After looking at our resources, we must examine our list of __2__ and identify the things we need immediately, those we can postpone, and __3__ we cannot afford. As individuals, we face the central problem involved in economics-deciding just how to allocate our limited our limited resources to provide __4__ with the greatest satisfaction of our wants.

　　Nations face the same problem. As a country's population ___5__, the need for more goods and services grows correspondingly. Resources necessary to production may increase, but there __6__ are enough resources to satisfy the total desires of a nation. Whether the budget meeting is taking place in the family living room, in the conference room of the corporation __7__ of directors, or in the chamber of the House of Representatives in Washington, the basic problem still exists. We need to find __8__ of allocating limited resources in order to satisfy unlimited wants.

　　A short time ago economists divided goods into two categories, free and economic. The former, like air and water, were in __9__ abundance that economists had no concern for them. After all, economics is the __10__ of scarcity and what to do about it. Today many of these "free goods" are __11__ very expensive to use. Pollution has made clean air and water expensive for producers' extra costs, and __12__ taxpayers who pay for the government's involvement in cleaning the environment.

　　In the 1990s, almost all goods are __13__. Only by effort and money __14__ obtained in the form people wish.Ｗww.KaＯ8.CC

　　Meeting needs of people and the demands from resource available __15__ the basic activity of production. In trying to meet unlimited wants from limited economic goods, production leads to new problems in economics.

　　EXERCISE:

　　1. A) limited B) unlimited C) scarcity D) abundant

　　2. A) want B) problem C) wants D) resources

　　3. A) those B) some C) others D) many

　　4. A) them B) themselves C) ourselves D) ours

　　5. A) expand B) extends C) grows D) increase

　　6. A) always B) sometimes C) often D) never

　　7. A) management B) function C) board D) group

　　8. A) people B) economists C ) way D) methods

　　9. A) so B) great C) such D) such an

　　10. A) form B) study C) means D) source

　　11. A) practically B) in practice C)in reality D) practicably

　　12. A) the B) / C) for D) with

　　13. A) plentiful B) scarce C) abundant D) in full supply

　　14. A) they can be B) can they be C) they must be D) must they be

　　15. A) are led to B) leads C) lead to D) leads to

　　答案:A C A C C D C D C B C C B B D