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（一）Goal of American Education
Education is all enormous and expensive part of American life. Its size is matched by its variety.
Differences in American schools compared with those found in the majority of other countries lie in the fact that education here has long been intended for everyone — not just for a privileged elite. Schools ale expected to meet the needs of every child, regardless of ability, and also the needs of society itself. This means that public schools offer more than academic subjects. It surprises many people when they come here to find high schools offering such courses as typing, sewing, radio repair, computer programming or driver training, along with traditional academic subjects such as mathematics, history, and languages. Students choose their curricula depending on their interests, future goals, and level of ability. The underlying goal of American education is to develop every child to the utmost of his or her own possibilities, and to give each one a sense of civic and community consciousness.
Schools have traditionally played an important role in creating national unity and“Americanizing”the millions of immigrants who have poured into this country from many different backgrounds and origins. Schools still play a large role in the community, especially in the small towns.
The approach to teaching may seem unfamiliar to many, not only because it is informal, but also because there is not much emphasis on learning facts. Instead, Americans try to teach their children to think for themselves and to develop their own intellectual and creative abilities. Students spend much time learning how to use resource materials libraries, statistics and computers. Americans believe that if children are taught to reason well and to research well, they will be able to find whatever facts they need throughout the rest of their lives. Knowing how to solve problems is considered more important than the accumulation of facts.
This is America's answer to the searching question that thoughtful parents all over the world are asking themselves in the fast-moving time:“How Can one prepare today's child for a tomorrow that one can neither predict nor understand?”
词汇：
privileged adj.享有特权的
elite n.精英，精华
curricula n.课程
underlying adj.潜在的
reason v.推理
1.Which of the following best states the goal of American education?
A)To teach every learner some practical skills.
B)To provide every learner with rich knowledge.
C)To give every student the opportunity to fully develop his/her ability.
D)To train every student to be a responsible citizen.
2.It is implied in the passage that _____ .
A)all high-school students take the same courses
B)every high school student must take some practical ability training courses
C)every public school offers the same academic subjects
D)the subjects every student takes may vary
3.American schools place great emphasis on the learner's _____ .
A)enrichment of knowledge
B)accumulation of facts
C)acquisition of the ability to be creative
D)acquisition of the ability to work with his hands
4.According to the passage，American education meets the needs of all the following EXCEPT _____ .
A)the brightest students
B)the slow students
C)the students from foreign countries
D)the immigrants
5. Which of the following best states the feature of American education that makes it different from education in other countries?
A)The large number of its schools.
B)The variety of the courses offered in its schools.
C)Its special consideration given to immigrants.
D)Its underlying goal to develop every child's abilities to the fullest extent.
「正确答案」 1-5 CDCCD
「答案解析」 1 C A，B，D均只指出了美国教育目标的一个方面。
2 D 文中提到学生可以根据自己的兴趣、目标和能力来选择课程。
3 C A，B，D都只提到教育的某一个方面，但美国教育最强调的是对学生独立解决问题能力的培养。
4 C 本文中没有提到外国留学生。
5 D 给每个学生最充分地发挥自己能力的机会是美国教育的最重要特点。
（二）Common Problems, Common Solutions
The chances are that you made up your mind about smoking a long time ago — and decided it's not for you.
The chances are equally good that you know a lot of smokers — there are, after all about 60 million of them, work with them, and get along with them very well.
And finally it's a pretty safe bet that you're open-minded and interested in all the various issues about smokers and nonsmokers — or you wouldn't be reading this.
And those three things make you incredibly important today.
Because they mean that yours is the voice — not the smoker's and not the anti-smoker's — that will determine how much of society's efforts should go into building walls that separate us and how much into the search for solutions that bring us together.
For one tragic result of the emphasis on building walls is the diversion of millions of dollars from scientific research on the causes and cures of diseases which, when all is said and done, still strike the nonsmoker as well as the smoker. One prominent health organization, to cite but a single instance, now spends 28 cents of every publicly contributed dollar on "education" (much of it in anti-smoking propaganda) and only 2 cents on research.
There will always be some who want to build walls, who want to separate people from people, and up to a point, even these may serve society. The anti-smoking wall-builders have, to give them their due, helped to make us all more keenly aware of choice.
But our guess, and certainly our hope, is that you are among the far greatest number who know that walls are only temporary at best, and that over the long run, we can serve society's interest better by working together in mutual accommodation.
Whatever virtue walls may have, they can never move our society toward fundamental solutions. People who work together on common problems, common solutions, can.
1. What does the word "wall" used in the passage mean?
A) Anti-smoking propaganda.
B) Diseases striking nonsmokers as well as smokers.
C) Rules and regulations that prohibit smoking.
D) Separation of smokers from nonsmokers.
2. In paragraph 4, "you" refers to _____ .
A) smokers
B) nonsmokers
C) anti-smokers
D) smokers who have quitted smoking
3. It is evident that the author is not in favor of _____ .
A) building a wall between smokers and nonsmokers
B) doing scientific research at the expense of one's health
C) bringing smokers and nonsmokers together
D) proving accommodation for smokers
4. As is suggested, the common solution to the common problem is _____ .
A) to separate people from people
B) to work together in mutual accommodation
C) to make us more keenly aware of choice
D) to serve society's interests better
5. According to the passage, the writer looks upon the anti-smoking wall-builders actions _____ .
A) optimistically
B) pessimistically
C) unconcernedly
D) skeptically[page]
「正确答案」 1-5 DDABD
「答案解析」 1.D.问题问“文章中的墙指代什么?”。利用wall这个线索词在文章中发现了位于第5段中答案相关句—— “……把我们(和吸烟者)分开的墙……。家族词的出现也是确认答案的线索：该题中separate在原文中——separation在备选答案中。
2.D.问题问“第4段中you 指代什么?”。You从第1段就开始出现，所以应指第1段中所说的“已经放弃吸烟的吸烟者”。
3.A.该题问“很明显作者不主张什么?”。文章的最后一段说“无论什么样的道德墙都未曾，也不能推动我们的社会去解决基本的问题”，可见作者很反对wall的建立。而只有A提到了wall，所以选择A.
4.B. 该题问“正如在文章中所表明的那样，普通问题的普通解决的方法应该是……”。在第8段中可以找到答案。
5.D.该题问“作者对建立吸烟隔离墙的行为的态度是什么?”。D “怀疑的”最合适。
（三）Early or Later Day Care
The British psychoanalyst John Bowlby maintains that separation from the parents during the sensitive “attachment” period from birth to three may scar a child's personality and predispose to emotional problems in later life. Some people have drawn the conclusion from Bowlby's work that children should not be subjected to day care before the age of three because of the parental separation it entails, and many people do believe this. But there are also arguments against such a strong conclusion.
Firstly, anthropologists point out that the insulated love affair between children and parents found in modern societies does not usually exist in traditional societies. For example, in some tribal societies, such as the Ngoni, the father and mother of a child did not rear their infant alone — far from it. Secondly, common sense tells US that day care would not be so widespread today if parents, care-takers found children had problems with it. Statistical studies of this kind have not yet been carried out, and even if they were, the results would be certain to be complicated and controversial. Thirdly, in the last decade there have been a number of careful American studies of children in day care, and they have uniformly reported that day care had a neural or slightly positive effect on children's development. But tests that have had to be used to measure this development are not widely enough accepted to settle the issue.
But Bowlby's analysis raises the possibility that early day care has delayed effects. The possibility that such care might lead to, say, more mental illness or crime 15 or 20 years later can only be explored by the use of statistics. Whatever the long-term effects, parents sometimes find the immediate effects difficult to deal with. Children under three are likely to protest at leaving their parents and show unhappiness. At the age of three or three and a half almost all children find the transition to nursery easy, and this is undoubtedly why more and more parents make use of child care at this time. The matter, then, is far from clear-cuff, though experience and available evidence indicate that early care is reasonable for infants.
词汇：
psychoanalyst n.精神分析学家一心理分析学家
insulate vt.隔绝
rear vt.抚养
predispose 易导致
care taker n.照顾者，看管人
entail vt.蕴涵
infant n.婴儿
anthropologist n.人类学家
1.Which of the following statements would Bowlby support?
A) Statistical studies should be carried out to assess the positive effect of day car for children at the age of three or older.
B) Early day care can delay the occurrence of mental illness in children.
C) The first three years of one's life is extremely important to the later development of personality.
D) Children under three get used to the life at nursery schools more readily than children over three.
2.Which of the following is derivable from Bowlby's work?
A) Mothers should not send their children to day care centers before the age of three.
B) Day care nurseries have positive effects on a child's development.
C) A child sent to a day care center before the age of three may have emotional problems in later life.
D) Baby care would not be so popular if it has noticeable negative effects on a child's s personality.
3.It is suggested that modern societies differ from traditional societies in that ______ .
A) the parents-child relationship is more exclusive in modern societies
B) a child more often grows up with his/her brothers or sisters in traditional societies
C) mother brings up children with the help of her husband in traditional societies
D) children in modern societies are more likely to develop mental illness in later years
4.Which of the following statements is NOT an argument against Bowlby's theory?
A) Many studies show that day care has a positive effect on children's development.
B) The fact that there are so many nursery schools today shows that day care is safe.
C) The separation of young children from their parents is common in some traditional societies.
D) Parents find the immediate effects of early day care difficult to deal with.
5. Which of the following best expresses the writer's attitude towards early day care?
A) Children under three should stay with their parents.
B) Early day care has positive effects on children's development.
C) The issue is controversial and its settlement calls for the use of statistics.
D) The effects of early day care on children are exaggerated and parents should ignore the issue.
「正确答案」 1-5 CAADC
「答案解析」 1.C 波比认为，孩子从出生到三岁这段时间是一个敏感的“依恋”期。三岁以下的孩子如与父母分开可能会给孩子的性格造成伤害，进而导致以后的情感问题。因此可以认为波比会同意C.
2.A C是波比的思想，而不是依据他的思想得出的结论，因此不对。第一段的第二句话说：一些人从波比的研究得出结论，日托要使父母和孩子分开，孩子三岁之前不应该送日托。因此A是正确答案。
3.A 第二段的第一句话说：人类学家指出，现代社会中父母与孩子之间的绝缘的爱的关系在传统社会中一般不存在。insulated(绝缘的)一词与A中的exclusive (排他的)相呼应。文章只是在第二段的第一句中提到传统社会，仅从这句话不能推断出B、C、D.
4.D 第二段列出了三条论据反对波比的理论。这三条论据分别对应C、B、A.“父母们觉得眼前的后果难以应付”不是反对波比理论的论据。
5.C 作者中立地报道了对日托的两种不同看法，并指出缺乏统计研究。特别是在第三段的第二句话中提出，日托是否会在15或20年后导致精神病或犯罪只能用统计的方法来研究。因此C是正确答案。
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2012年职称英语（卫生类A级）补全短文模拟练习题及答案汇总
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