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Root premeditated crime constraint

1) Make an argument

这类议论文在命题中通常做出一种假设。常使用虚拟语气或将来式时态。采用一面倒的写法。

例如1：If you could make one important change in a school that you attended, what change would you make? Use reasons and specific examples to support your answer.

例如2：When students move to a new school, they sometimes face problems. How can schools help these students with their problems?Use specific reasons and examples to explain your answer.

2) Agreeing or disagreeing

这类议论文要求考生说出自己支持还是反对某种观点，并加以论证。说出支持或反对的理由。通常采用一面倒的写法，也可采用二面写法(视具体命题)。

例如1：Do you agree or disagree with the following statement：Only people who earn a lot of money are successful. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.

例如2：Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Telephone and e-mail have made communications between people less personal. Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion. Observant intensive extensive reading

3) Stating a preference

这类议论文要求考生讨论二种观点或选择，或分析一种观点的利弊。 讨论后还要说出你的偏好。采用二面写法。

例如1：Some people think that they can learn better by themselves than with a teacher. Others think that it is always better to have a teacher. Which do you prefer? Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion.

例如2：It has been said, “not everything that is learned is contained in books” Compare and contrast knowledge gained from experience with knowledge gained from books. In your opinion, which source is more important. Why? Interpersonal skills

4) Giving an explanation

这类议论文要求考生讨论某一事物，现象发生的原因。通常采用一面倒的写法。

例如1：Many parts of the world are losing important natural resources, such as forests, animals, or clean water. Choose one resource that is disappearing and explain why it needs to be saved. Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion.

例如2：People attend college or university for many different reasons (for example, new experiences, career preparation, increased knowledge). Why do you think people attend college or university? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer. Blue collar worker = manual work

托福这四种议论文写作都是按照议论文写作的基本模式 Introduction – Body – Conclusion.

Introduction – 开头段作者要明确说出自己的观点， 并简要告诉读者支持这个观点的几个原因。

Body – 文章主体部分分为三个论据段，每个论据段说明一个支持原因。

Conclusion – 结论段要重申观点。

有所不同的是Stating a preference和Advantage and Disadvantage这种议论文的写作。Stating a preference这类议论文的文章主体部分不能完全一面倒。 要分析、比较二个方面的利弊。遇到Advantage and Disadvantage这类议论文可采用一面倒或比较二个方面的利弊。如果采用二面比较的写法， 可采用点对点比较，或面对面比较。

1)点对点比较：1) 在教学质量方面A校怎么样，B校怎么样.

2) 在师资力量方面A校怎么样，B校怎么样.

3) 在教学设施方面 A校怎么样，B校怎么样.

2)面对面比较：1)A校在教学质量，师资力量，教学设施方面分别怎么样。

2)B校在教学质量，师资力量，教学设施方面分别怎么样。

Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: parents can no longer control the things their children do. Children’s behavior will be influenced by TV, movies etc.

如在上面有关“自学还是跟教师学”的范文中采用的是点对点的比较。

Some people think that they can learn better by themselves than with a teacher. Others think that it is always better to have a teacher. Which do you prefer? Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion.

Teachers can help students learn in the way that is best for each student because teachers understand that different people have different learning styles. For example, some students learn better by discussing a topic. Others learn more by writing about it. A teacher can help you follow your learning style, while a book can give you only one way of learning something.

Teachers help you focus on what you are learning. They can help keep you from becoming distracted. They can show you the most important points in a lesson that you have to understand. If you study on your own, it might be difficult to keep your attention on the material, or to know which parts are most important.

Teachers bring their own knowledge and understanding of the topic to the lesson. A book presents you with certain information, and the teacher can add more. The teacher might also have a different point of view from the book, and can provide other sources of information and ideas, as well.

下面是一篇面对面比较的范文，属于Advantage and Disadvantage.

With the increasing popularity of computers and calculators, student literacy is decreasing dramatically. What are the positive and negative effects the progress of science and technology has brought about?

It has been widely noted that, with the growing use of computers and calculators both the classroom and in the home, the level of literacy and mathematical ability of students is dropping. This raises serious doubts about the value of the progress of science and technology. In the following I will discuss the pros and cons of this question.

First of all, advances in science and technology have certainly brought about many benefits for mankind. They have made our lives more comfortable and healthier. In addition, they have eased the burden of work for most people and provided them with more leisure opportunities, while at the same time increasing productivity dramatically.

Nevertheless, it can not be denied that technology has some negative side-effects. As mentioned above, with computers that check spelling, grammar and calculation for them, students have little incentive to learn how to do these things for themselves. Also, the availability of TV programs and videos encourages an unhealthy, sedentary lifestyle.

Another aspect of this issue is that technology may be good or bad, depending on how we use it. For instance, dynamite may be used to make road construction easier, or it may be used to kill people. Again, unclear reactors can supply huge amounts of cheap electricity, but if they are carelessly handled they can cause devastating pollution.

We can conclude that the progress of science and technology has both positive and negative effects. What we must do is make sure that the positive ones are encouraged and the negative ones are eliminated as far as possible. Among other things, this means that students are warned not to let computers and calculators do all their work for them.

四种议论文(驳斥性议论文 – 分析性议论文 – 评论性议论文 – 理由性议论文)

与新托福所涉及议论文(Making an argument，Agreeing or disagreeing，Stating a preference，Giving an explanation)之间关系。

编辑推荐：

托福考试备考写作方法辅导汇总