2014年考研英语阅读理解及解析:社会科学及经济学

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2014年考研英语阅读理解及解析:社会科学及经济学
  The world is going through the biggest wave of mergers and acquisitions ever witnessed. The process sweeps from hyperactive America to Europe and reaches the emerging countries with unsurpassed might. Many in these countries are looking at this process and worrying:“Won’t the wave of business concentration turn into an uncontrollable anticompetitive force?”

  There’s no question that the big are getting bigger and more powerful. Multinational corporations accounted for less than 20% of international trade in 1982.Today the figure is more than 25% and growing rapidly. International affiliates account for a fastgrowing segment of production in economies that open up and welcome foreign investment. In Argentina, for instance, after the reforms of the early 1990s, multinationals went from 43% to almost 70% of the industrial production of the 200 largest firms. This phenomenon has created serious concerns over the role of smaller economic firms, of national businessmen and over the ultimate stability of the world economy.

  I believe that the most important forces behind the massive M&A wave are the same that underlie the globalization process: falling transportation and communication costs, lower trade and investment barriers and enlarged markets that require enlarged operations capable of meeting customer’s demands. All these are beneficial, not detrimental, to consumers. As productivity grows, the world’s wealth increases.

  Examples of benefits or costs of the current concentration wave are scanty. Yet it is hard to imagine that the merger of a few oil firms today could recreate the same threats to competition that were feared nearly a century ago in the U.S., when the Standard Oil trust was broken up. The mergers of telecom companies, such as WorldCom, hardly seem to bring higher prices for consumers or a reduction in the pace of technical progress. On the contrary, the price of communications is coming down fast. In cars, too, concentration is increasing—witness Daimler and Chrysler, Renault and Nissan—but it does not appear that consumers are being hurt.

  Yet the fact remains that the merger movement must be watched. A few weeks ago, Alan Greenspan warned against the megamergers in the banking industry. Who is going to supervise, regulate and operate as lender of last resort with the gigantic banks that are being created? Won’t multinationals shift production from one place to another when a nation gets too strict about infringements to fair competition? And should one country take upon itself the role of “defending competition” on issues that affect many other nations, as in the U.S. vs. Microsoft case?

  63.What is the typical trend of businesses today?

  [A]to take in more foreign funds

  [B]to invest more abroad

  [C]to combine and become bigger

  [D]to trade with more countries

  64.According to the author, one of the driving forces behind M&A wave is .

  [A]the greater customer demands

  [B]a surplus supply for the market

  [C]a growing productivity

  [D]the increase of the world’s wealth

  65.From paragraph 4 we can infer that .

  [A]the increasing concentration is certain to hurt consumers

  [B]WorldCom serves as a good example of both benefits and costs

  [C]the costs of the globalization process are enormous

  [D]the Standard Oil trust might have threatened competition

  66.Toward the new business wave, the writer’s attitude can be said to be .

  [A]optimistic

  [B]objective

  [C]pessimistic

  [D]biased

  核心词汇:

  acquisition[9Akwi5ziFEn]n.取得,学到,养成(习惯);获得的东西(ac+quis+ition名词后缀)

  affiliate[E5filieit]v.使隶属(或附属)于n.附属机构,分公司(af+fili+ate)

  barrier[5bAriE]n.栅栏,屏障;障碍(物)(barr栅栏+ier)

  beneficial[9beni5fiFEl]a.(to)有利的,有益的(benefic+ial形容词后缀)

  concentration[9kCnsEn5treiFEn]n.专心,专注;集中,集结;浓度(concentrate+ion名词后缀→集中)

  detrimental[7detri5mentl]a.有害的(detriment损害,危害+al→危害的)

  gigantic[dVai5gAntik]a.巨大的,庞大的

  hyperactive[7haipE(:)5rAktiv]a.活动过度的(hyper+active活动的);hper前缀“超过;过度”(h脱落,元音y变u,即为uper),active活跃的。

  infringement[in5frindVEnt]n.违反, 侵害(n+fringe+ment)in否定前缀,fringe(边缘;刘海;穗),ment名词后缀,已经“不”在“边缘”→侵入内部→侵害;infringe(v.侵害)←in+fringe

  massive[5mAsiv]a.大而重的,厚实的,粗大的;大规模的,大量的(mass+ive形容词后缀)

  multinational[mQlti5nAFEnEl]a./n.跨国公司;跨国公司的(ulti+national),multi前缀“多”(如multiple→multi+ple倍→v.加倍;多倍的;倍数),national国家的。

  pessimistic[9pesi5mistik]a.悲观的(essimist+ic)pessimist悲观主义者,ic形容词后缀

  phenomenon[fi5nCminEn]n.现象,稀有现象,珍品,奇迹,杰出人才

  resort[ri5zC:t]v.凭借,求助,诉诸n.度假胜地,手段

  supervise[5sju:pEvaiz]vt.监督,管理;指导(uper在上面+vis看+e动词后缀→在上面看→监督)

  surpass[sE:5pa:s]vt.超过,胜过(sur超过+pass→通过并超过→胜过)

  sweep[swi:p]v.扫,打扫;席卷,冲光;扫过,掠过

  unsurpassed[5QnsE:5pB:st]a.凌驾的, 非常卓越的,超越的(n+surpass+ed)un否定前缀,surpass(v.超过)←sur前缀“超”+pass过,ed形容词后缀。Www.KaO8.CC

  witness[5witnis]n.目击者,证人;证据,证明v.目击,目睹;作证(wit知+ness名词后缀→知情者)   难句分析:

  难句1 International affiliates account for a fastgrowing segment of production in economies that open up and welcome foreign investment.

  [分析]此句的主干是“International affiliates account for a fastgrowing segment of production in economies...”,后面的that open up and welcome foreign investment是economies的定语从句。

  [译文]在那些对外开放并鼓励外资的国家的经济中国际分公司在国民生产中所占的比重越来越大。

  难句2 I believe that the most important forces behind the massive M&A wave are the same that underlie the globalization process: falling transportation and communication costs, lower trade and investment barriers and enlarged markets that require enlarged operations capable of meeting customers’ demands.

  [分析]此句主干为“I believe that...”,其中that引导了believe的宾语从句,其中的又一个that可替换为as the ones that,是一个定语从句。冒号后面的部分是the most important forces的同位语,其中markets后面的that从句是markets的定语,capable of meeting customers’ demands是operations的补语。

  [译文]我认为,推动这股巨大的并购浪潮的最主要的力量,也是推动全球化进程的力量,包括日趋下降的运输与通讯费用,较低的贸易与投资壁垒,以及市场的扩大和为满足市场需求而进行的扩大生产。

  难句3 And should one country take upon itself the role of “defending competition” on issues that affect many other nations, as in the U.S. vs. Microsoft case?

  [分析]此句的主干是“should one country take upon itself the role...”,而that affect many other nations是issues的定语从句。as in the U.S. vs. Microsoft case是issues的补语。on issues是take upon itself the role的状语。

  [译文]在那些将会影响许多其他国家的事情中,如美国政府与微软公司的诉讼案,一个国家是否应该担负起“保护竞争”的责任呢?

  文章类型:社会科学——经济学

  本文的主题有关企业合并与收购浪潮,并分析其产生的原因,认为并没有给消费和技术进步带来伤害。

  试题解析:

  63. 如今,企业的典型趋势是什么?

  [A] 吸收更多的外国资金。[B] 更多地投资海外。

  [C] 合并、变得更大。[D] 与更多的国家发展贸易。

  细节事实题【正确答案】 [C]

  考点在于对第一段,也即对文章主题的理解。第一段第一句话表示世界正在经历有史以来最大的一次合并和收购的浪潮。这一浪潮不仅影响到美洲和欧洲,还涉及一些新兴国家。可见,当今商业发展的主要趋势是合并,从而使有些企业变得更大。所以,[C]项正确。

  64. 根据作者的观点,隐藏于合并浪潮背后的一个推动力是。

  [A] 更大的消费者需求[B] 市场的供应过剩

  [C] 日益提高的生产力[D] 世界财富的增长

  细节事实题【正确答案】 [A]

  第三段指出,推动合并和收购这一狂潮的最重要力量同导致全球化过程的力量是一样的,其中包括falling transportation and communication costs, lower trade and investment barriers和enlarged markets that require enlarged operations capable of meeting customers’ demands。[A]项“顾客更大的需求”符合最后一项,属于推动力之一。

  65.根据第四段,我们可以推知:。

  [A] 日益增多的行业合并肯定会损害消费者的利益。

  [B] 世界电信的合并成为既有利可图又要付出代价的恰当例子。

  [C] 全球化进程的代价高昂。

  [D] 标准石油托拉斯可能给竞争带来过威胁。

  推理题【正确答案】 [D]

  从第四段中,我们得知,当前还没有足够多的例证来论证有关合并浪潮的利与弊。一百年前,由于人们对美国标准石油托拉斯(the Standard Oil Trust)持有戒心,它被解散。根据这一点,我们可以推断,美国标准石油托拉斯可能会威胁竞争。所以选择[D]项。

  66. 对于新的企业合并浪潮,作者的态度可以说是。

  [A] 乐观的[B] 客观的[C] 悲观的[D] 有偏见的

  态度题【正确答案】[B]

  考点在于把握全文主题(theme)及作者态度(author’s attitude)。纵览全文,作者首先描述了合并与收购的热潮,分析了这一狂潮背后的动因,以实例说明其带来的利益,又在文末告诫人们防范其弊端。可见,作者对于合并与收购的态度比较客观,因此选择[B]项。

  全文翻译:

  世界正在经历一场前所未有的巨大的并购浪潮。这个浪潮从异常活跃的美国席卷到欧洲,并以不可比拟的威力影响到正在崛起的国家。这些国家的许多人面对这个浪潮开始忧虑:“企业合并的浪潮会不会变成一股不可控制的反竞争的力量?”

  第一段:从现象引出问题:企业合并的浪潮会不会变成一股不可控制的反竞争的力量。

  无疑,大企业正在变得更大、更强。跨国公司在1982年只占有国际贸易不到20%的份额。而现在,这个数字上升到25%强,并且还在迅速上升。在那些对外开放并鼓励外资的国家的经济中国际分公司在国民生产中所占的比重越来越大。比如,在阿根廷,经过90年代初的改革之后,跨国公司在200家大型企业的工业生产中从43%增加到几乎70%。这个现象造成了人们对小型企业和民族资本的作用以及世界经济的最终稳定的极大关注。

  我认为,推动这股巨大的并购浪潮的最主要的力量,也是推动全球化进程的力量,包括日趋下降的运输与通讯费用,较低的贸易与投资壁垒,以及市场的扩大和为满足市场需求而进行的扩大生产。所有这些对消费者来说都有益而无害的。随着生产力的提高,世界的财富也在增长。

  第二、三段:作者指出企业规模确实越来越大及其原因。

  目前证明这股合并浪潮是带来利还是弊的实例并不多。但是很难想象当今的几个石油公司的合并是否会重新造成约100年前美国标准石油公司对竞争造成的同样的威胁,那时由于人们对该公司的这种担心而导致了它最终的解散。像世界通讯这样的通讯公司合并似乎没有给消费者带来更高的费用,或者降低技术进步的速度。相反,通信的价格在迅速下降。在汽车行业,合并也同样在增加——比如戴姆勒与克莱斯勒,雷诺与尼桑的合并——但消费者看起来并未受到伤害。

  第四段:指出很难断定合并浪潮是好是坏,并且说明目前的合并不会威胁到竞争机制。

  但是合并运动必须受到严密监视这个事实仍然存在。就在几星期以前,格林斯潘对银行业的巨大合并发出了警告。谁来充当最终的借贷者,对这家正在形成的庞大银行发挥监督、规范和运作的作用。当一个国家对破坏公平竞争的行为的处理过于严厉时,跨国公司会不会把它们的生产从一地转到另一地呢?在那些将会影响许多其他国家的事情中,如美国政府与微软公司的诉讼案,一个国家是否应该担负起“保护竞争”的责任呢?

  第五段,指出人们还是要密切关注兼并浪潮,暗指兼并可能具有危险性。

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