Unit Eleven Marine Cargo Insurance

一）基本要求
　　了解：Principles of marine cargo insurance
　　熟悉: Insurance premium and policy
　　掌握：Types of Basic Coverage, Institute Cargo Clause
二）考试内容
　　1.Principle of marine cargo insurance.
　　2.Insurance premium.
　　The premium is the consideration which the insurers receive from the assured in exchange for their undertaking to pay the sum insured in the event insured against.
　　The general guiding rate of the insurance premium is 1% of the amount insured. The premium rates may vary, for example, from 0.5% to 1.5% or more or less depending on factors such as: type of goods, the country and distance of destination, value of the goods, mode of transportation, the type of risks covered, container or bulk shipment and type of packing.
　　The minimum amount insured should be the CIF or the CIP value of the goods plus 10%.
　　3.Insurance policy.
　　Insurance policy is an evidence of insurance contract issued by the insurer or underwriter to the assured.
　　The format of insurance policy forms varies from insurer to insurer. Insurance policy or certificate, and endorsement are the main ones used in daily business.
　　The policy must be issued and signed by an insurance company or its agent. If more than one original is issued and is so indicated in the policy, all the originals must be presented to the bank, unless otherwise authorized in the letter of credit.
　　4.Types of basic coverage
　　4.1 Free from Particular Average (FPA)
　　The risks covered in FPA coverage basically means that only total or constructive total loss of the whole consignment of cargo but no partial loss or damage is recoverable from the insurer resulting from natural calamities, such as heavy weather, lightning, tsunami（海啸）, earthquake and flood.
　　Total loss or partial loss is recoverable from the insurer incurred as a result of specific casualties, e.g., collision, stranding, sinking of the vessel.
　　It also covers general average and salvage charges, reasonable costs incurred by the assured in salvaging the goods or averting or minimizing a loss recoverable under the policy.
　　4.2 With Average (WA)
　　WA provides larger cover than FPA since partial loss and damage is recoverable from the insurer resulting from natural calamities.
　　That is the only difference between WA and FPA in PICC Ocean Marine Cargo Clauses.
　　4.3 All Risks
　　This type of coverage is the most widely used in the transport of general cargo because it provides better coverage than WA/WPA type. Aside from the risks covered under WA/WPA type, it also provides insurance against all risks of loss of or damage to the cargo insured arising from external causes in the course of transit.
　　The All Risks does not cover risks of war, strike and other special additional risks such as failure to delivery, import duty, on deck, rejection, aflatoxin etc.
　　The general additional risks such as theft, pilferage & non-delivery risks, fresh water and/or rain damage risks, shortage risks, intermixture and contamination risks, leakage risks, clash and breakage risks, taint of odour risks, sweat and heating risks, hook damage risks, breakage of packing risks and rust risks are covered in All Risks coverage.
　　Exclusions
　　loss or damage caused by the intentional act or fault of the insured;
　　loss or damage falling under the liability of the consignor;
　　loss or damage arising from the inferior quality or shortage of the insured goods prior to the attachment of the insurance;
　　loss or damage arising from ordinary loss, inherent vice or nature of the insured goods and loss or expense caused by fall of market prices, delay in transit;
　　risks and liabilities covered and excluded by the ocean marine (cargo) war risks clauses and strike clauses of PICC.
　　5.Institute cargo clause
　　Institute Cargo Clause C is the most restricted coverage and subject to the listed exclusions, covers loss or damage to the subject matter insured caused by fire or explosions; stranding, grounding, sinking or capsizing; overturning or derailment（出轨） of land conveyance; collision or contact of vessel, craft or conveyance with any external object other than water; discharge of cargo at port of distress; general average sacrifice; jettison.
　　Institute Cargo Clause B is wider and apart from the risks covered under ICC (C), it also covers loss or damage to cargo caused by earthquake, volcanic eruption or lightning; water damage by entry of sea/ river water; total loss of package dropped during loading and unloading.
　　Institute Cargo Clause A is the widest of all three and is generally summed up as ‘All Risks’ of loss or damage to the insured cargo with certain specified exceptions.

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