【1】The First settlement in North America
It is very difficult to say just when colonization began. The first hundred years after Christopher Columbus's journey of discovery in 1492 did not produce any settlement on the North America continent but rather some Spanish trading posts further south, a great interest in gold and adventure, and some colorful crimes in which the English had their part. John Cabot, originally from Genoa but a citizen of Venice, was established as a trader in Bristol, England, when he made a journey in 1497. But his ship, the Matthew, with its crew of eighteen, did no more than see an island (probably off the New England coast) and return home. He and his son made further voyages across the north Atlantic which enabled the English crown to claim a "legal" title to North America. But for a long time afterwards the Europeans' interest in America was mainly confined to the Spanish activities further south.
The first beginning of permanent settlement in North America were nearly a hundred years after Columbus's first voyage. The Englishman Sir Walter Raleigh claimed the whole of North America for England, calling it Virginia. In 1585 he sent a small group of people who landed in Roanoke Island, but they stayed only for a year and then went back to England with another expedition, led by Drake, in 1587. A second group who landed in 1587 had all disappeared when a further expedition arrived in 1590.
The first permanent settlement in North America was in 1607. English capitalists founded two Virginia companies, a southern one based in London and a northern one based in Bristol. It was decided to give the name New England to the northern area. The first settlers in Virginia were little more than wage slaves to the company. All were men and the experiment was not very successful. Many died. Those who survived lived in miserable conditions. By 1610 the colony had only a thousand people.
1. We know for sure that colonization began at the end of the 15th century
A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
2. Among the early settlers in South America in the 16th century were Spanish traders.
A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
3. With John Cabot's arrival at an island off the New England coast in 1497, the British Crown claimed to be the legal owner of North America.
A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
4. There were eighteen people on board the Matthew during its voyage to North America in 1497
A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
5. The first attempt made by European people to settle down permanently in North America occurred in the 1580s
A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
6. The name Virginia was given to North America by Sir Walter Raleigh
A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
7. The name New England was given to the northern area of North America by the boss of one of the two Virginia companies
A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
答案: BABBAAC
【2】Coming Soon to a Theater Near You!
What are special effects? Do you enjoy movies that use a lot of special effects?
Dinosaurs from the distant past! Space battles from the distant future! There has been a revolution in special effects， and it has transformed the movies we see.
The revolution began in the mid-1970s with George Lucas's Star Wars， a film that stunned (使震惊) audiences. That revolution continues to the present， with dramatic changes in special-effects technology. The company behind these changes is Lucas's Industrial Light & Magic (ILM). And the man behind the company is Dennis Muren， who has worked with Lucas since Star Wars.
Muren's interest in special effects began very early. At age 6， he was photographing toy dinosaurs and spaceships. By 10， he had an 8-millimeter movie camera and was making these things move through stop-motion. (Stop-motion is a process in which objects are shot with a camera， moved slightly， shot again， and so on. When the shots are put together， the objects appear to move.)
Talk to Muren and you'll understand what ILM is all about： taking on new challenges. By 1989， Muren decided he had pushed the old technology as far as it would go.
He saw computer graphics (CG) technology as the wave of the future and took a year off to master it.
With CG technology， images can be scanned into a computer for processing， for example， and many separate shots can be combined into a single image. CG technology has now reached the point， Muren says， where special effects can be used to do just about anything so that movies can tell stories better than ever before. The huge success of Jurassic Park and its sequel， The Lost World， the stars of which were computer-generated dinosaurs， suggests that this may very well be true.
16. The special-effects revolution began in the mid-1980s with Star Wars
A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
17. ILM is the company responsible for many of the changes in special effects
A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
18. Dennis Muren started schooling at a very early age.
A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
19. By age 10， Muren was able to use computer graphics to make things seem to move.
A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
20. With the stop-motion process， many separate shots can be combined into a single image.
A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
21. Muren feels that with CG technology， just about any special effect can be achieved.
A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
22. Today's movies are emphasizing special effects at the expense of the story.
A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
参考答案：16. B 17. A 18. C 19. B 20. B 21. A 22. C
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